Brain and Cognition
42,
89–92 (2000)
doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1170, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on
Cognitive Neuroscience Needs Affective Neuroscience
(and Vice Versa)
Richard J. Davidson
University of Wisconsin—Madison
We are continuously being bombarded by a myriad of diverse sensory
stimuli. Recollections from our past and reflections upon our future add to
this cacophony and we need to select among the vast array of stimuli to
which we are exposed and approach what is useful to meet our appetitive
needs and withdraw from what is harmful so we avoid situations of threat
or danger. The successful negotiation of these life challenges requires an
intact cognitive and affective system. The purpose of this brief essay is to
underscore the importance of affect to various components of cognition and
hint at some of the major advances that have been made in its neuroscientific
study.
In its beginning, the cognitive revolution did not include feelings within
its scientific purview. There was a clear sense among the leading scientists
of this era that the major problems of cognition would yield to an experimen-
tal and/or computational analysis that did not require emotion. The most
striking evidence of this is simply the absence of very many references to
emotion in the classic works of cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience
that helped to define the field (e.g., Neisser, 1967). This feelingless stance,
however, is now yielding to a more balanced analysis and a renewed appreci-
ation for the role that affect might play in the basic mechanisms of cognition.
And one of the most powerful sources of this new evidence is derived from
affective neuroscience (Davidson & Irwin, 1999; Davidson & Sutton, 1995).
One reason for the inescapable conclusion regarding the necessity of consid-
ering both cognition and emotion in our efforts to understand the brain bases
of complex mental processes is that the circuitry of emotion and the circuitry
of cognition at least partially overlap. These anatomical facts begin to pro-
vide the mechanistic substrates by which two-way interactions between af-
fect and cognition are likely to occur.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Richard J. Davidson, Laboratory for Af-
fective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1202
West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: rjdavids@facstaff.wisc.edu.
89
0278-2626/00 $35.00
Copyright ã 2000 by Academic Press
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
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Some Functional Anatomical Considerations
Of primary significance is the fact that the brain circuitry of cognition and
emotion is not segregated. The idea that the ‘‘limbic system’’ was the seat
of emotion while cognition resided in the cortex has yielded to the experi-
mental fact that subcortical structures assumed to be part of the limbic system
are critical for certain cognitive processes (e.g., the hippocampus for mem-
ory) while cortical regions once thought to be the exclusive province of com-
plex thought are now known to be intimately involved in emotion as well
(e.g., the prefrontal cortex).
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is likely to be an essential convergence zone
(Nauta, 1971; Damasio, 1989) for cognitive and affective information. Stud-
ies using a diverse range of methods including the analysis of patients with
discrete prefrontal lesions, electrophysiological studies in normal subjects
and patients with mood and anxiety disorders, and neuroimaging studies us-
ing positron emission tomograpy (PET) and functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) in both normals and patients have consistently identified
various sectors of the PFC as playing a crucial role in emotion (see David-
son & Irwin, 1999; Davidson, et al., 1999 for reviews). Some of these are
the same sectors of the PFC that we know to be activated during specific
types of cognitive operations. Such findings help us to identify the common
role that this territory might be playing in both cognition and affect. For
example, the dorsolateral sector of the PFC has long been considered an
important part of the circuit underlying working memory and the representa-
tion of mental activity for stimuli and events not physically present (Gold-
man-Rakic, 1987). This form of mental activity is particularly critical for
operations that require the anticipation of possible future outcomes (e.g.,
planning). Some types of human emotion arise specifically as the organism
anticipates future outcomes. Fear is an emotion that often arises when we
anticipate an uncertain contingency that might be potentially deleterious.
There is a form of happiness (which I have referred to as pregoal attainment
positive affect; see Davidson, 1994, 1998) that arises as an individual antici-
pates a future positive outcome. Both of these future-oriented emotions are
likely to require the involvement of PFC. A growing corpus of data suggests
that asymmetry in the PFC may be essential in the computation of affective
value, thus resulting in asymmetric PFC representations of fear and happi-
ness (Davidson & Irwin, 1999).
The amygdala is a limbic brain region that has been convincingly demon-
strated to play a major role in fear (e.g., LeDoux, 1996) and possibly other
emotions associated with novelty and ambiguity (e.g., Whalen, 1999).
Though it is often considered a region ‘‘dedicated’’ to emotion, anatomical
studies illustrate widespread back projections from the amygdala to early
stages of sensory and perceptual processing (Amaral et al., 1992). These
connections provide the means by which the amygdala can bias sensory and
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perceptual function (Morris et al., 1998) and likely play an important role
in the selective aspect of attention.
There are many other examples that could be provided of the dual role
played by particular components of cortical and subcortical circuitry in both
cognition and affect. The interested reader can refer to several recent reviews
that consider these issues in considerably more detail (e.g., Cahill &
McGaugh, 1998; Davidson & Irwin, 1999).
Conclusion
This brief essay has argued, not just for the importance, but actually for
the necessity of including a serious account of emotion in any systematic
analysis of cognition. Emotion has evolved to facilitate the organism’s adap-
tation to complex challenges that it has faced during its evolutionary past
(Tooby & Cosmides, 1990). Cognition would be rudderless without the ac-
companiment of emotion, just as emotion would be primitive without the
participation of cognition. This conclusion has been forced upon us by many
sources of evidence, but perhaps most compelling are the data that indicate
there are no parts of the brain dedicated exclusively to cognition and others
to emotion. It is ironic that the duality between reason and emotion that has
been perpetuated through the ages is a distinction that is not honored by the
architecture of the brain. We have an enormous opportunity and obligation
in the biobehavioral sciences today to finally integrate into a meaningful
whole the cognitive and affective processing systems. Neuroscience and neu-
ropsychology will play crucial roles in this process, as will the new technolo-
gies of brain imaging that are enabling us to rigorously examine underlying
circuitry. The chilling wind of cold cognition is giving way to the warmer
breeze of a cognitive neuroscience that recognizes the crucial functions of
emotion and to an affective neuroscience that appreciates its inextricable
intertwining with cognition.
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